Geology 100: Exam 3 Review

• Last lecture: Thu, Dec 3 (review)
• Last day: Tues, Dec 8th
• Final:
  • Tues, Dec 8th around 3pm until 8
  • or Tues, Dec 15th@5:20pm
  • 1.5hr
  • 40 questions
  • Geologic time and Plate Tectonics

Review

• When did dinosaurs Become extinct
• How old is earth
• Which era did dinosaurs live
• What was the earliest form of life
• Eras and periods of geologic time table (keep handy)
• In what era do we live now?
• Who is father of geology
• Unconformity
• Unitarism
• What isotope for events in past 50k years
• What is half-life
  • If 25% is left how many half-lives
• Faunal succession
• Which isotope is used for organic remains
• Mesozoic super continent’s name?
• How old is oldest oceanic crust
• Given something like east Africa ridge what type of plate boundary
• Where find submarine trenches and what type of plate boundary
• How did the Andes mountains form?
• What did Vine&Matthews explain?
• What explains magnetic stripes orientation on ocean floor
• What is mechanism for plate tectonics
• What type of setting is Iceland
• Who originated idea of continental drift and what evidence
• Why was it rejected
• What is the curie point?
• What is the lithosphere
• How were Himmalayan mountains formed
• What is a transform plate boundary

Weathering

Physical Weathering

• Exfoliation: rock breaks apart in layers
  • Igenous rocks
  • Half Dome
  • Stone Mountain, Georgia
• Frost Wedging
  • Shattered rocks
• Biological
• Abrasion: wind, ice, water

Chemical Weathering

• mineral breakdown
• Dissolution (dissolver in water)
• Acid Reactions (water + CO2 carbonic acid); Water + sulfur sulfuric aside
  • H2O + CO2 + CaCO3 –> Ca+2 + 2HCO3-
• Oxidation
• Hydration: attachment of water to crystalline structure
• Hydrolysis: Hydrogen and oxygen in water with rock
• Solution: rock is dissolved in water
  • pH, temperature
  • evaporite deposits
• Goldrich Stability series
  • Similar to Bowen’s Reaction Series but for speed to weather
  • Olivine/pyroxene + H2CO3 (acid) to clay
• Karst landforms
  • limestone sinkhole

Erosion by Gravity

• Rock fall
  • Talus: debris at base of a steep slope
  • Peru, 1970 Nevado Huascaran
• Rock Slides
• Soil Slumps
• Mud flows
• Lahar: 1985 Columbia: 70km!
• Debris flow
• Creep: leaning poles, bent trees

Erosion by water

• Point bar: deposits from water slowing
• Cut Bansk show erosion from fast water
• River meanders
• Oxbow lakes (Australian Billabong)
• Alluvial Fans

Aswan Dam

• 1960 – 1971
• Formed Lake Nassar
• Many economic tenets
• Many ecological/economic costs

Ground Water

• Water cycle
  • Percolation: water seeping into ground water
  • Run off to see
  • Evaporation
  • Condenstations
  • Precipitation
  • Transpiration: water from plants)

Glaciers

• Movement
• Types: Alpine, Continental

Deserts and Wind Action

Lecture 08: 2020-10-01 — Thu Oct 1, 2020

Exam

No class previous two lectures

• Strategy:
  • Review powerpoint
  • Listen lectures
• Formation of the Universe, Solar System, Earth
  • How did planets form
  • How old is Earth
  • What is core of earth made of
  • Order of layers in Earth
  • How did atmosphere get oxygen?
  • Difference between inner and outer (terrestrial vs jovian)
• Minerals
  • ionic vs covalent bonding
  • proton, neutron, electron
  • Hardest mineral?
  • Why is hardest?
  • Which two most abundant elements in crust of the earth
  • What are silicates?
  • Why are Feromagnesian sillicates dark?
  • Softest mineral (Mohs hardness scale)
  • What is cleavage in minerals?
  • What are isotopes
  • What is nucleus of atom made of?
  • Definition of a rock
  • What are 3 different types of rocks
  • What is magma? What is lava
  • 3 type of magam: felsic, intermediate, mafic
  • What is obsidian
  • Order of crystallization in the Bowen reaction series
  • Difference between inclusive and exclusive rocks
  • What is porphritic text in igneous rocks
  • Dominant mineral in limestone and marble
  • What kind of rock is coal?
  • What is dominant mineral in salt
  • What is foliation
  • What is difference between intrusive and extrusive rocks
  • Difference between contact and regional metamorphism
• Volcanoes
  • What is a lahar
  • Most active volcanoe
  • Three different types of volcanoes: shield, cone, strata
  • What is a pyroclastic flow
  • How many active volcanoes in the world?
  • What is a caldera
  • Difference between active, extinct, and dormant volcanoes
  • Which Hawaiian island is likely to erupt
  • Pacific rim of fire is where most composite volcanoes are located
  • What kind of volcano is Mt. St. Helens
  • What type of geologic setting are the Hawaiian islands?
  • What is a Plinian eruption?
  • If Yellowstone erupted today how much ash would fall in New York?
  • what is the difference between a VEI 5 and a VEI 7
  • Which volcano was a VEI 8 eruption 74,000 years ago (caused global climate change for next few years; decrease in homosapian population down to 12,000)