Fun

Geology 100: Exam 3 review

December 3, 2020December 3, 2020 petewareLeave a comment

Geology 100: Exam 3 Review

Last lecture: Thu, Dec 3 (review)
Last day: Tues, Dec 8th
Final:
- Tues, Dec 8th around 3pm until 8
- or Tues, Dec 15th@5:20pm
- 1.5hr
- 40 questions
- Geologic time and Plate Tectonics

Review

When did dinosaurs Become extinct
How old is earth
Which era did dinosaurs live
What was the earliest form of life
Eras and periods of geologic time table (keep handy)
In what era do we live now?
Who is father of geology
Unconformity
Unitarism
What isotope for events in past 50k years
What is half-life
- If 25% is left how many half-lives
Faunal succession
Which isotope is used for organic remains
Mesozoic super continent’s name?
How old is oldest oceanic crust
Given something like east Africa ridge what type of plate boundary
Where find submarine trenches and what type of plate boundary
How did the Andes mountains form?
What did Vine&Matthews explain?
What explains magnetic stripes orientation on ocean floor
What is mechanism for plate tectonics
What type of setting is Iceland
Who originated idea of continental drift and what evidence
Why was it rejected
What is the curie point?
What is the lithosphere
How were Himmalayan mountains formed
What is a transform plate boundary

Fun

Geology 100: vocabulary

November 10, 2020 petewareLeave a comment

Weathering

Physical Weathering

Exfoliation: rock breaks apart in layers
- Igenous rocks
- Half Dome
- Stone Mountain, Georgia
Frost Wedging
- Shattered rocks
Biological
Abrasion: wind, ice, water

Chemical Weathering

mineral breakdown
Dissolution (dissolver in water)
Acid Reactions (water + CO2 carbonic acid); Water + sulfur sulfuric aside
- H2O + CO2 + CaCO3 –> Ca+2 + 2HCO3-
Oxidation
Hydration: attachment of water to crystalline structure
Hydrolysis: Hydrogen and oxygen in water with rock
Solution: rock is dissolved in water
- pH, temperature
- evaporite deposits
Goldrich Stability series
- Similar to Bowen’s Reaction Series but for speed to weather
- Olivine/pyroxene + H2CO3 (acid) to clay
Karst landforms
- limestone sinkhole

Erosion by Gravity

Rock fall
- Talus: debris at base of a steep slope
- Peru, 1970 Nevado Huascaran
Rock Slides
Soil Slumps
Mud flows
Lahar: 1985 Columbia: 70km!
Debris flow
Creep: leaning poles, bent trees

Erosion by water

Point bar: deposits from water slowing
Cut Bansk show erosion from fast water
River meanders
Oxbow lakes (Australian Billabong)
Alluvial Fans

Aswan Dam

1960 – 1971
Formed Lake Nassar
Many economic tenets
Many ecological/economic costs

Ground Water

Water cycle
- Percolation: water seeping into ground water
- Run off to see
- Evaporation
- Condenstations
- Precipitation
- Transpiration: water from plants)

Glaciers

Movement
Types: Alpine, Continental

Deserts and Wind Action

Fun

Geology 100: Exam 2 review

November 5, 2020 petewareLeave a comment

Lecture 17: 2020-11-05

Exam 2: Tues, Nov 10

56 questions; multiple choice; 1.5hrs

Much of the material is definitions or just common sense.

Questions

Definition of weathering
Name of mineral that dissolves in carbonic acid
Know different types of physical and chemical weathering
- Oxidation, hydrolisis, …
- What is exfoliation?
Type of climate where chemical weathering is most effective
Know different agents of erosion (running water, ground water, glaciers, wind)
- Which is most effective today
- Which was most effect 10k ago
When it comes to mass wasting, what makes a slope stable (or unstable)
Know different types of mass wasting
- Slide vs Slump
- Rockfall, …
- What is a landslide
- What is a creep
What triggered landslide in Peru in 1970?

Running water (rivers)

What are point bars
What is saltation
How does a river carry sediments (e.g. different loads)
- dissolved, suspended, bed load
What is river discharge
What is a delta
Largest river in North America
What is a meander stream?
What is oxbow lake
Aswan Dam
- Where are sediments deposited
- What may have changed?
What is the water table?
What is a stalactite vs stalagmite
What is porosity? Permeability?
What is an artesian well?
What is an aquifer
What is aquiclude
Why is rain water acidic?
What is karst topography/landscape?
Problems with excessive pumping of ground water

Glaciers

What portion of earth surface is covered by glaciers
What causes ice ages
What’s been happening to glaciers for past 200 years
Different types of glaciers
Where is largest glacier in world today?
What is a moraine? Terminal moraine? Medial moraine?
What kind of moraine is south fork of Long Island
What’s name of last ice age
Why drill in ice in Antarctica? What’s in the core? Climate change
What shape are glacial valleys
When was the last advance of Pleistocene
What happens to sea level when glaciers advance

Wind

Eolian is overall term from Greek god
Loess & dunes: wind deposits. What’s difference?
What is deflation surface?
What is desertification
What are barchan dunes? Parabolic dunes

Fun

Geology 100: Basic Vocabulary

October 6, 2020 petewareLeave a comment

Common prefixes, suffixes, and roots

clast: broken
-cline: tilted, gradient
de-: reduce
dis-: separation, opposite
ex-: out of, away from
feld: field
geo-: earth
hydro: water
iso: same
-lith: stone
-meso: middle
meta-: change
-morph: form, shape
plagio-: combining form
paleo-: ancient
pelagic: pertaining to ocean
pluto-: deep seated (Roman god of underworld)
pre-: before
proto-: first
pyro-: fire
spar: crystalline materials
-sphere: ball
strat-: layer
stria: small groove
sub-: under
super-: above
syn-: together
tecto-: build or construct. Geology means movement of structures

Samples

Here are some examples based on the above:

decline: reduce tilted.
pyroclast: fire broken.
stratosphere: layer sphere
hydrosphere: water sphere
isomorph: same shape
metamorphic: change shape
mesolith: middle stone
feldspar: field crystalline structure
plagioclase feldspar:

Minerals

The 8 most common elements in Earth’s crust (by mass) are:
 - 46.6% Oxygen (O)
– 27.7% Silicon (Si)
– 8.1% Aluminum (Al)
– 5.0% Iron (Fe)
– 3.6% Calcium (Ca)
– 2.8% Sodium (Na)
– 2.6% Potassium (K)
– 2.1% Magnesium (Mg)

Potassium feldspar, potassium (K), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O).

Fun

Geology 100: Exam 1 review

October 1, 2020October 1, 2020 petewareLeave a comment

Lecture 08: 2020-10-01 — Thu Oct 1, 2020

Exam

No class previous two lectures

Strategy:
- Review powerpoint
- Listen lectures
Formation of the Universe, Solar System, Earth
- How did planets form
- How old is Earth
- What is core of earth made of
- Order of layers in Earth
- How did atmosphere get oxygen?
- Difference between inner and outer (terrestrial vs jovian)
Minerals
- ionic vs covalent bonding
- proton, neutron, electron
- Hardest mineral?
- Why is hardest?
- Which two most abundant elements in crust of the earth
- What are silicates?
- Why are Feromagnesian sillicates dark?
- Softest mineral (Mohs hardness scale)
- What is cleavage in minerals?
- What are isotopes
- What is nucleus of atom made of?
- Definition of a rock
- What are 3 different types of rocks
- What is magma? What is lava
- 3 type of magam: felsic, intermediate, mafic
- What is obsidian
- Order of crystallization in the Bowen reaction series
- Difference between inclusive and exclusive rocks
- What is porphritic text in igneous rocks
- Dominant mineral in limestone and marble
- What kind of rock is coal?
- What is dominant mineral in salt
- What is foliation
- What is difference between intrusive and extrusive rocks
- Difference between contact and regional metamorphism
Volcanoes
- What is a lahar
- Most active volcanoe
- Three different types of volcanoes: shield, cone, strata
- What is a pyroclastic flow
- How many active volcanoes in the world?
- What is a caldera
- Difference between active, extinct, and dormant volcanoes
- Which Hawaiian island is likely to erupt
- Pacific rim of fire is where most composite volcanoes are located
- What kind of volcano is Mt. St. Helens
- What type of geologic setting are the Hawaiian islands?
- What is a Plinian eruption?
- If Yellowstone erupted today how much ash would fall in New York?
- what is the difference between a VEI 5 and a VEI 7
- Which volcano was a VEI 8 eruption 74,000 years ago (caused global climate change for next few years; decrease in homosapian population down to 12,000)